Dark circles and puffy eyes treated with elderberry

There are a lot of solutions for the treatment of crow’s feet wrinkles, from the topical application of a cosmetic grade anti-wrinkle to surgery and the injection of hyaluronic acid or botulinum toxin. Dark circles and puffy eyes however can be caused by multiple factors: they are therefore more difficult to treat, and few cosmetic compounds are actually capable of reducing these two unaesthetic conditions. 

Dark circles, also known as periorbital hyperchromia, are characterised by bilateral homogenous macules and patches primarily involving the lower eyelid and the infraorbital region (under eye area). There are several types of dark circles,1 and two are predominant: the dark circles due to an accumulation of melanin, and the dark circles due to an accumulation of red blood cells in the under eye area. Each type requires a specific treatment in order to observe an improvement. 

Regarding puffy eyes, two mechanisms may be accounted as responsible: the accumulation of fat and/or a local oedema (i.e. an accumulation of plasma) in the under eye area.